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王尔德妙解莎翁商籁

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 楼主| 发表于 2013-3-14 11:55:56 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
王尔德是我过去几年里很少接触的作家,但也是我打心底里认为是天才的少数作家之一,说不清为什么。我不需要跟他辩论,只需要远远地欣赏。
前几日,@大龙猫Öö 网友问我莎翁商籁体诗到底是写给谁的。我在中规中矩回答(也就是说诗歌中出现了两个爱人,一男一女,男的白,女的黑,男的更受宠爱,而三人在诗歌中有时处于一种三角关系)之余,随口提到了一句王尔德的故事“The Portrait of Mr. W. H.” 。后来回过头去重读这个故事,更觉得精妙绝伦。这样情节紧凑而义理深邃的故事真是短篇里的神作。更精彩的其实是故事中人物对莎翁诗的理解,虽然只是故事情节的一部分,但却达到了文学评论史上绝后的高度。
现在就来简单说一下这个故事对莎翁诗歌的理解,故事本身必须通读才有韵味,架构有点像The Heart of Darkness.  Anyway,我就贴个链接吧:http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/E850003-012/  还有好几个不同链接呢。
故事里有个人物,叫Cyril Graham, 他有个理论用来解释莎翁诗歌里爱慕的男性对象到底是谁。缘起是这样的,莎翁的商籁体诗1609年出版的时候,前面有个献辞:
TO.THE.ONLIE.BEGETTER.OF.       
THESE.INSUING.SONNETS.
Mr.W.H.   ALL.HAPPINESSE.
AND.THAT.ETERNITIE.
PROMISED.
BY.
OUR.EVER-LIVING.POET.
WISHETH.
THE.WELL-WISHING.
ADVENTURER.IN.
SETTING.
FORTH.
头两句的意思是这本集子献给“以下这些商籁体诗歌唯一的begetter, W.H  先生”.一般认为begetter 这里的意思是资助人(使这些诗歌得以面世的人),也就是莎士比亚当时某个恩主或贵人。一直以来批评家们认为W.H. 指的是William Herbert, 也就是资助莎翁出版其戏剧集初版First Folio的贵族,而他也正是莎士比亚诗歌中的男性爱人(这个解释的确有点牵强,Herbert又不是直接帮助莎翁诗歌的金主,为何要献给他。他也不够美嘛。)这个正统的认识却被王尔德以笔下人物Cyril Graham的名义无可辩驳地推翻了。Graham认为W.H.到底是谁,答案就在诗歌里面,不需要借助历史背景材料来论证。
首先,从下面这首看出,诗人和”fair friend” (肤色白皙的友人/爱人)已经认识三年了,而一般认为这些诗在1598年前就完成了,所以诗人最晚是在1595年认识这位同性爱人的,这与莎翁与William Herbert 的史实不符合。
CIV (104)
To me, fair friend, you never can be old,
For as you were when first your eye I eyed,
Such seems your beauty still. Three winters cold
Have from the forests shook three summers' pride,
Three beauteous springs to yellow autumn turn'd
In process of the seasons have I seen,
Three April perfumes in three hot Junes burn'd,
Since first I saw you fresh, which yet are green.
Ah! yet doth beauty, like a dial-hand,
Steal from his figure and no pace perceived;
So your sweet hue, which methinks still doth stand,
Hath motion and mine eye may be deceived:
For fear of which, hear this, thou age unbred;
Ere you were born was beauty's summer dead.
然后,从下面这首可以看出,作者同性爱人的名字应该是“Will”,与莎翁同名。两个Will在一起非常想配。(哈哈,你可能要笑了,这分明是过度阐释嘛。。但就算过度还是很可爱不是。很可爱是不是!)
CXXXV (135)
Whoever hath her wish, thou hast thy 'Will,'
And 'Will' to boot, and 'Will' in overplus;
More than enough am I that vex thee still,
To thy sweet will making addition thus.
Wilt thou, whose will is large and spacious,
Not once vouchsafe to hide my will in thine?
Shall will in others seem right gracious,
And in my will no fair acceptance shine?
The sea, all water, yet receives rain still
And in abundance addeth to his store;
So thou, being rich in 'Will,' add to thy 'Will'
One will of mine, to make thy large 'Will' more.
Let no unkind, no fair beseechers kill;
Think all but one, and me in that one 'Will.'
还有,从下面这首可以看出这位男性友人是诗人的缪斯。所以说献辞里的“begetter”根本就不是资助人的意思,而是启迪了诗人才情的人!
XXXVIII (38)
How can my Muse want subject to invent,
While thou dost breathe, that pour'st into my verse
Thine own sweet argument, too excellent
For every vulgar paper to rehearse?
O, give thyself the thanks, if aught in me
Worthy perusal stand against thy sight;
For who's so dumb that cannot write to thee,
When thou thyself dost give invention light?
Be thou the tenth Muse, ten times more in worth
Than those old nine which rhymers invocate;
And he that calls on thee, let him bring forth
Eternal numbers to outlive long date.
If my slight Muse do please these curious days,
The pain be mine, but thine shall be the praise.
最后,如果莎翁的男性友人也叫Will, 那么姓氏为何呢?这一下就把我们带到了第20首诗。请看:
XX (20)
A woman's face with Nature's own hand painted
Hast thou, the master-mistress of my passion;
A woman's gentle heart, but not acquainted
With shifting change, as is false women's fashion;
An eye more bright than theirs, less false in rolling,
Gilding the object whereupon it gazeth;
A man in hue, all 'hues' in his controlling,
Which steals men's eyes and women's souls amazeth.
And for a woman wert thou first created;
Till Nature, as she wrought thee, fell a-doting,
And by addition me of thee defeated,
By adding one thing to my purpose nothing.
But since she prick'd thee out for women's pleasure,
Mine be thy love and thy love's use their treasure.
这是什么意思呢。这是个男子(for a woman wert thou first created),但长得貌美如花(a woman’s face).  本来上帝创造你是为女人而创造你的,但临了却发了善心,把我变成了你的爱人,而女人们只是把你当成珍稀玩物而已(mine be thy love and thy love’s use their treasure)。 他是’A man in hue, all “hues” in his controlling” , 这里语带双关,一方面说明这个少年善于乔装(所以很可能是演员),一方面暗示他的姓就是“Hughes”。
此处省略一些细节。。总之Graham的理论是这个少年很可能叫 Will Hughes, 很可能是莎士比亚认识的一个专演女孩角色的男孩演员(伊丽莎白时期称为 boy-actor)。这个解释,在我看来,要比通常使用的William Herbert解释合理得多。
鉴于人物Cyril Graham 本身就曾是一个boy-actor, 而作者王尔德的性别取向也是出名的不寻常, 所以王尔德显然是要借这个故事来说明阐释的主观性和不可靠性。然而,一个好的阐释可以让人不仅坚信,而且愿意付出生命甚至不择手段不顾道德地来维护,故事里就有人物为了这个理论去死去造假。这也许就是这个故事最深的寓意了,也是最让我感动的地方。我也是一个阐释成性的人,所以看到王尔德这样强大的阐释的时候,眼里心里可以只有这样一个真理!在这一点上我与唯美主义的反道德观有一致的地方。
最后,引用一下故事里的金句来提炼我的意思:
To die for one's theological beliefs is the worst use a man can make of his life, but to die for a literary theory! It seemed impossible.
为了神学信仰去死是人所能做的最愚蠢不过的事情,但是为了文学理论而死。。简直是不可能!
是啊,也许一般不可能,但在这个故事里明明是几乎可能了。多美的事。
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