《论语》中英文版
《论语》第十六章 季氏篇
季氏篇第十六（共十四节）
第十六章 季氏篇(1)
季氏將伐顓臾。冉有、季路見於孔子曰：“季氏將有事於顓臾。”孔子曰：“求！無乃爾是過與？夫顓臾，昔者先王以為東蒙主，且在邦域之中矣，是社稷之臣也。何以伐為？”冉有曰：“夫子欲之，吾二臣者皆不欲也。”孔子曰：“求！周任有言曰：“陳力就列，不能者止。’危而不持，顛而不扶，則將焉用彼相矣？且爾言過矣。虎兕出於柙，龜玉毀於櫝中，是誰之過與？”冉有曰：“今夫顓臾，固而近於費。今不取，後世必為子孫憂。”孔子曰：“求！君子疾夫舍曰欲之，而必為之辭。丘也聞有國有家者，不患寡而患不均，不患貧而患不安。蓋均無貧，和無寡，安無傾。夫如是，故遠人不服，則修文德以來之。既來之，則安之。今由與求也，相夫子，遠人不服而不能來也；邦分崩離析而不能守也。而謀動干戈於邦內。吾恐季孫之憂，不在顓臾，而在蕭牆之內也。”
The head of the Ji family was going to attack Zhuan Yu. Ran You and Ji Lu had an interview with Confucius, and said, "Our chief, Ji, is going to commence operations against Zhuan Yu." Confucius said, "Qiu, is it not you who are in fault here? Now, in regard to Zhuan Yu, long ago, a former king appointed its ruler to preside over the sacrifices to the eastern Mang; moreover, it is in the midst of the territory of our state; and its ruler is a minister in direct connection with the sovereign - What has your chief to do with attacking it?" Ran You said, "Our master wishes the thing; neither of us two ministers wishes it." Confucius said, "Qiu, there are the words of Zhou Ren, 'When he can put forth his ability, he takes his place in the ranks of office; when he finds himself unable to do so, he retires from it.
How can he be used as a guide to a blind man, who does not support him when tottering, nor raise him up when fallen?' And further, you speak wrongly. When a tiger or rhinoceros escapes from his cage; when a tortoise or piece of jade is injured in its repository - whose is the fault?" Ran You said, "But at present, Zhuan Yu is strong and near to Fei; if our chief do not now take it, it will hereafter be a sorrow to his descendants." Confucius said. "Qiu, the superior man hates those declining to say 'I want such and such a thing,' and framing explanations for their conduct.
I have heard that rulers of states and chiefs of families are not troubled lest their people should be few, but are troubled lest they should not keep their several places; that they are not troubled with fears of poverty, but are troubled with fears of a want of contented repose among the people in their several places. For when the people keep their several places, there will be no poverty; when harmony prevails, there will be no scarcity of people; and when there is such a contented repose, there will be no rebellious upsettings.
So it is. Therefore, if remoter people are not submissive, all the influences of civil culture and virtue are to be cultivated to attract them to be so; and when they have been so attracted, they must be made contented and tranquil. Now, here are you, You and Qiu, assisting your chief. Remoter people are not submissive, and, with your help, he cannot attract them to him. In his own territory there are divisions and downfalls, leavings and separations, and, with your help, he cannot preserve it. And yet he is planning these hostile movements within the state. I am afraid that the sorrow of the Ji Sun family will not be on account of Zhuan Yu, but will be found within the screen of their own court."
【原文】
季氏将伐颛臾①。冉有、季路②见于孔子曰：“季氏将有事于颛臾③。”孔子曰：“求！无乃尔是过与④？夫颛臾，昔者先王以为东蒙主，且在邦域之中矣⑤，是社稷之臣也⑥。何以伐为⑦？”冉有曰：“夫子欲之，吾二臣者皆不欲也。”孔子曰：“求！周任有言曰⑧：‘陈力就列⑨，不能者止⑩。’危而不持⑾，颠而不扶，则将焉用彼相⑿矣？且尔言过矣，虎兕⒀出于柙⒁，黾玉毁于椟⒂中，是谁之过与？”
冉有曰：“今夫颛臾，固而近于费。今不取，后世必为子孙忧。”孔子曰：“求！君子疾⒃夫舍曰⒄‘欲之’而必为之辞⒅。丘也闻有国有家者⒆，不患寡而患不均，不患贫而患不安。盖均无贫，和无寡，安无倾。夫如是，故远人不服⒇，则修文德以来之。既来之，则安之。今由与求也，相夫子，远人不服，而不能来也。邦分崩离析，而不能守也；而谋动干戈(21)于邦内，吾恐季氏之忧，不在颛臾，而在萧墙之内也(22)。”
【今译】
季氏将要讨伐颛臾，冉求、子路去见孔子，说：“季氏将要对颛臾有所行动。”孔子说：“求啊，这不是你的过错吗？颛臾，过去先王任命他主持东蒙山的祭祀，而且在鲁国的疆域之内，是国家的臣属，为什么要讨伐他呢？”冉有说：“是季氏想这样做，我们两个家臣并不想这样做的。”孔子说：“求啊，周任曾经说过：‘估量自己的才力，担任合适的职务；如果不能胜任，就辞职不干。’危难时不支撑，颠扑时不扶持，何必要用你辅佐呢？而且，你的说法是错的。老虎、犀牛从笼子里跑出来了，龟壳、美玉在匣子里毁坏了，这是谁的过错呢？”
冉求说：“今天的颛臾，城邑坚固，而且接近季氏的采邑费城，现在不去夺取，到了后世必定会给子孙后代留下忧患。”孔子说：“冉求！君子最憎恶不肯说自己贪得无厌、反而强辞夺理找借口的人。我曾听说，拥有封国、家族的人，不担忧贫困而担忧不平均，不担忧寡少而担忧不安定。因为，平均了就没有贫困，和谐了就不会寡少，安定了就不能倾覆。如果这样做了，远方的人还不归服，就提倡仁义礼乐的政教招徕他们，既招来了就安定他们。现在冉求、仲由你们二人辅佐季氏，边远的人不归服却不能招徕他们，国家分崩离析却不能守护，反而图谋在国家内兴师动众。我恐怕季氏的担忧不来自于颛臾，而来自于自己鲁国宫墙的内部。”
【注释】
①季氏将伐颛臾（ｚｈｕāｎ ｙù）：季康子将要攻打小国颛臾。
②冉有、季路：即冉求、子路。两人都是季康子的家臣。
③事：行动，实指军事行动。
④无乃：这里有“恐怕”的意思。乃：你们。
⑤邦域之中：国境以内。
⑥社稷（ｊì）：土神和谷神，此指鲁国。
⑦何以伐为：为什么要讨伐呢？何以：为什么。为：句末语气助词。
⑧周任：古代史官。
⑨陈力：量力。就列：进入朝廷行列，指担任职务。
⑩止：停止，指辞职。
⑾“危而”句：危：站不稳。
⑿相：助手。
⒀兕（ｓì）：独角犀牛。
⒁柙（ｘｉá）：关猛兽的笼子。
⒂椟（ｄù）：匣子。
⒃疾：憎恨，讨厌。
⒄舍曰：不说。
⒅辞：托辞，借口。
⒆有国有家者：国：指诸侯封地。家：指大夫采邑。
⒇故远人不服：故：倘若，如果。远人：远方的人，此指境外的人。
(21)干戈：武器，喻战争。
(22)萧墙之内：宫墙里面。萧墙：宫殿门口的一道小墙，俗称照壁。后世把“萧墙之内”作为内部发生祸乱的代称。
【评点】
季氏要去讨伐颛臾，孔子责备当时正在担任季氏家臣的冉求，子路没有尽到辅佐的责任。孔子所谓的责任，包括两方面：一、在任职时首先要衡量自己能力，缺乏能力而接受任务，是不负责任的表现；二、既然担当了职务，就不能推卸应尽的职责。至于冉求明知过错，还要强行辩解，那是错上加错。
关于不患贫而患不均。对春秋战国时期的国家来说，财富与人口是最重要的。有了财富（当时主要指粮食）则国家安定，有了人口就有了劳动力和士兵，因此各诸侯都在这两方面制定种种政策。孔子的经济政策——“不患贫而患不均”，在当时有稳定社会、遏制兼併的作用，后世却成了平均主义和“大锅饭”的理论根据。其实，相对的均，总是历代各国政府的政策目标，贫富差距过大，不利于社会安定。 |
